Politics & Security
type: channel
description: Focus and Scope: national security of the state and its components; public order; information security; cyber security; economics; management; finance.
publisher: High school of security and economics – Plovdiv
language: en
publication name: Politics & Security
issn: 2815-3324
items: ECONOMIC SECURITY AND PROFITABILITY ASSESSMENT OF MILK PRODUCTION ON FRAGMENTED FARMS IN SOUTHEASTERN POLAND (2020–2024)
items: FINANCIAL SECURITY AS A KEY ELEMENT SUPPORTING SUSTAINABLE BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT – A THEORETICAL APPROACH
items: DECENTRALIZED FINANCE (DEFI) AND SANCTIONS EVASION: A RISK ANALYSIS OF MIXERS AND PRIVACY COINS IN FINANCING NATIONAL SECURITY THREATS
items: COGNITIVE SECURITY AND INSTITUTIONAL TRUST: A SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF DISINFORMATION CAMPAIGNS TARGETING THE LEGITIMACY OF JUDICIAL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT INSTITUTIONS
items: RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SITUATION IN SYRIA AND CONCEPTUAL THREATS TO BULGARIA'S NATIONAL SECURITY
items: SOVEREIGNTY THROUGH SELECTIVE INTEGRATION: STRATEGIC NON-COMPLIANCE, COMPLIANCE MINIMALISM, AND GOVERNANCE HARDENING IN EU CRISIS POLITICS
items: ECONOMIC WARFARE IN THE BLACK SEA: A GEOECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF COERCION THROUGH GRAIN, BLOCKADES, AND ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE
items: Retraction Notice: EXPLORING THE INFLUENCE OF ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL KNOWLEDGE ON FISH PRODUCTION IN RURAL-BANGLADESH
items: DOG WHISTLES AND CAT SENSES – HIDDEN EXTREMISM AND THE FRAMEWORK ОF LEGAL OVERSIGHT IN EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS CASE LAW
items: SECURITY CHALLENGES OF IOT INTEGRATION IN NATIONAL AND STATE CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES
items: THE INDO-PACIFIC AS A STRATEGIC ARENA: EVOLVING SECURITY ALLIANCES AND DEEPENING POWER RIVALRIES
items: THE ROLE OF PRIVATE MILITARY COMPANIES IN CONTEMPORARY CONFLICTS: LEGAL AND SECURITY DILEMMAS
items: THE VISEGRAD GROUP AND THE WAR IN UKRAINE: FROM VETO BLOC TO VOID
items: FROM CRISIS TO DOCTRINE: A DECADE OF MIGRATION SECURITIZATION AND STRATEGIC DEFIANCE IN HUNGARY
items: STRATEGIC INTELLIGENCE MANAGEMENT AND LAW ENFORCEMENT IN NIGERIA: FIXING THE GAPS
items: ETHIOPIA'S DIFFICULT COURSE: MULTIPARTY POLITICS AND BUILDING DEMOCRACY (1991-NOW) – INSIGHTS GAINED
items: SECURITY DYNAMICS IN THE BLACK SEA REGION: ANALYZING THE INTERSECTION OF NATO POLICIES, RUSSIAN INFLUENCE, AND ECONOMIC INTERESTS
items: THE INSIDER THREAT: A SOCIO-TECHNICAL ANALYSIS OF PREVENTING DATA BREACHES AND ESPIONAGE WITHIN GOVERNMENTAL AGENCIES
items: ENERGY SECURITY AS A FACTOR OF POLITICAL STABILITY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
items: THE GEOPOLITICS OF CYBERSECURITY: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL STRATEGIES FOR DIGITAL SOVEREIGNTY
items: CLIMATE CHANGE AS A THREAT MULTIPLIER: ASSESSING ITS IMPACT ON RESOURCE SCARCITY, MIGRATION, AND POLITICAL INSTABILITY
items: RETRACTED: EXPLORING THE INFLUENCE OF ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL KNOWLEDGE ON FISH PRODUCTION IN RURAL-BANGLADESH
items: WORK SAFETY ON FARMS IN POLAND – LEGAL, SOCIAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
items: ANALYSIS OF SAFETY AND CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS AT WORK IN AGRICULTURE IN POLAND
items: CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN POLAND’S POLICY TOWARDS UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF MIGRATION
items: THE INSTITUTION OF THE PRESIDENCY IN UKRAINE: CONSTITUTIONAL FOUNDATIONS AND PROSPECTS FOR REFORM
items: THE ISRAELI SECURITY DOCTRINE ADAPTING WITHOUT ALTERING CORE PILLARS
items: ENSURING THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF TRUCKING COMPANIES IN THE UNITED STATES
items: PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF SAFETY IN DEALING WITH MAJOR INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS
items: MILITARY CRIMINAL LAW AS ONE ELEMENT OF SECURITY

ECONOMIC SECURITY AND PROFITABILITY ASSESSMENT OF MILK PRODUCTION ON FRAGMENTED FARMS IN SOUTHEASTERN POLAND (2020–2024)
type: item
description: This article assesses the profitability and economic security of milk production on fragmented, small-scale farms in southeastern Poland over 2020–2024. The analysis is motivated by two concurrent realities. First, fragmentation creates persistent structural constraints—small herds, dispersed plots, weaker bargaining position, and higher transaction costs—that shape the unit cost of production and the realised milk price. Second, the 2020–2024 period exposed farms to pronounced volatility in both output prices and key inputs, particularly feed and energy, which are dominant cost drivers in dairy production. The study adopts a transparency-oriented design that combines (i) authoritative market monitoring of raw milk prices at EU level, (ii) Polish sector evidence and cost-structure context, and (iii) a partial-budgeting stress test that translates plausible price–cost conditions into unit margins (PLN per litre) and evaluates margin fragility under moderate shocks. The results show that under plausible benchmark conditions, representative fragmented farms can operate with very thin buffers and may remain near or below break-even across multiple years when input costs rise faster than milk prices or when milk prices correct while costs remain elevated. Sensitivity scenarios indicate that even moderate adverse movements—such as a 10% decrease in the realised milk price or a 10% increase in feed costs—can deepen negative margins, weakening liquidity and delaying investment. The paper concludes that economic security for fragmented dairy farms depends on risk exposure in feed and energy costs, on productivity and forage strategies, and on organisational solutions such as cooperation that can reduce transaction costs and strengthen market position. Policy implications emphasise targeted modernisation and resilience-building instruments that are compatible with fragmented land structures rather than assuming rapid consolidation as the only pathway to viability.
subject: General
  topic: section
subject: economic security
  topic: keywords
subject: dairy farming
  topic: keywords
subject: profitability
  topic: keywords
subject: fragmentation
  topic: keywords
subject: Poland
  topic: keywords
subject: price volatility
  topic: keywords
subject: feed costs
  topic: keywords
subject: energy efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: sensitivity analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: cooperation
  topic: keywords
creator: Janusz Kilar
creator: Mateusz Kaczmarski
creator: Piotr Frączek
creator: Magdalena Kilar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Janusz Kilar, Mateusz Kaczmarski, Piotr Frączek, Magdalena Kilar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-01
publication date: 2026-01-01
starting page: 81
ending page: 92
doi: 10.54658/ps.28153324.2025.14.4.pp.81-92

FINANCIAL SECURITY AS A KEY ELEMENT SUPPORTING SUSTAINABLE BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT – A THEORETICAL APPROACH
type: item
description: The main objective of this article is to demonstrate the importance of financial security for supporting the sustainable development of an enterprise. A review of the definitions of financial security was conducted, emphasising its multifaceted nature, properties and functions, and indicating the tools and instruments that enable its effective management. The article demonstrates that financial security guarantees the continuity and development of a company, supports the long-term planning process and protects the company from internal and external threats. The theoretical analysis confirms the hypothesis that financial security is a key condition for the implementation of the concept of sustainable development.
subject: General
  topic: section
subject: financial security
  topic: keywords
subject: financial stability
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainable development
  topic: keywords
creator: Urszula Szczytyńska
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Urszula Szczytyńska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-01
publication date: 2026-01-01
starting page: 68
ending page: 80
doi: 10.54658/ps.28153324.2025.14.4.pp.68-80

DECENTRALIZED FINANCE (DEFI) AND SANCTIONS EVASION: A RISK ANALYSIS OF MIXERS AND PRIVACY COINS IN FINANCING NATIONAL SECURITY THREATS
type: item
description: The expansion of Decentralized Finance (DeFi) and Anonymity-Enhancing Technologies (AETs) has complicated the tracking of illicit financial flows. This article analyzes three distinct AETs—Tornado Cash, Monero, and Zcash—to assess how specific protocol mechanisms degrade transaction‑graph attribution and obstruct compliance. Synthesizing technical literature, AML/CFT frameworks, and recent judicial documentation, the study traces how design choices translate into investigative challenges. The analysis yields three key findings. First, “decentralization” rarely eliminates control; instead, it shifts choke points to infrastructure layers such as bridges and RPC providers. Second, while AETs significantly raise attribution costs, their effectiveness is often conditional and dependent on usage patterns. Third, the Tornado Cash enforcement saga illustrates the limitations of applying traditional sanctions to autonomous code. The paper concludes by proposing a mitigation agenda focused on measurable risk reduction at entry/exit points without compromising legitimate privacy.
subject: General
  topic: section
subject: DeFi
  topic: keywords
subject: sanctions evasion
  topic: keywords
subject: money laundering
  topic: keywords
subject: Tornado Cash
  topic: keywords
subject: Monero
  topic: keywords
subject: Zcash
  topic: keywords
subject: FATF
  topic: keywords
subject: OFAC
  topic: keywords
subject: blockchain forensics.
  topic: keywords
creator: Andrii Svintsytskyi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Andrii Svintsytskyi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-01
publication date: 2026-01-01
starting page: 57
ending page: 67
doi: 10.54658/ps.28153324.2025.14.4.pp.57-67

COGNITIVE SECURITY AND INSTITUTIONAL TRUST: A SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF DISINFORMATION CAMPAIGNS TARGETING THE LEGITIMACY OF JUDICIAL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT INSTITUTIONS
type: item
description: Disinformation campaigns increasingly operate as hybrid influence tactics that undermine institutional trust by contesting the epistemic authority of courts and law enforcement. This article develops a sociological account of cognitive security as a governance-relevant capacity: the ability of individuals and communities to maintain reliable belief-updating under conditions of strategic information manipulation. Building on established research on information disorder, misinformation diffusion, and resistance to correction, the article specifies a mechanism linking disinformation to institutional legitimacy. The mechanism combines (i) narrative frames that recode procedural outcomes as political repression or corruption, (ii) repeated exposure within high-engagement networks that accelerates diffusion of low-credibility claims, and (iii) cognitive and motivational frictions that hinder correction, including continued-influence effects. The analysis synthesizes peer-reviewed evidence on misinformation spread and correction and comparative survey indicators of institutional confidence to derive empirically testable expectations about when disinformation is most likely to translate into trust erosion. Boundary conditions and competing explanations—such as pre-existing polarization, performance-based dissatisfaction, and media-market fragmentation—are specified to avoid overattribution. The contribution is twofold: conceptually, it ties cognitive security to legitimacy processes in legal and policing institutions; methodologically, it outlines a transparent evidence-selection and triangulation protocol suitable for comparative research and policy evaluation.
subject: General
  topic: section
subject: Disinformation
  topic: keywords
subject: institutional trust
  topic: keywords
subject: disinformation campaigns
  topic: keywords
subject: information disorder
  topic: keywords
subject: legitimacy
  topic: keywords
subject: judicial institutions
  topic: keywords
subject: law enforcement
  topic: keywords
subject: misinformation diffusion
  topic: keywords
creator: Maryna Dei
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Maryna Dei https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-01
publication date: 2026-01-01
starting page: 45
ending page: 56
doi: 10.54658/ps.28153324.2025.14.4.pp.45-56

RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SITUATION IN SYRIA AND CONCEPTUAL THREATS TO BULGARIA'S NATIONAL SECURITY
type: item
description: The article represents a retrospective analysis of the military-political and geostrategic dynamics in Syria. The author seeks to identify the major driving forces influencing the development, the repercussions, and the outcome of the internal confrontations that have been ravaging the Syrian society throughout history. The article argues that, depending on the geopolitical and historical context, these forces would either instigate conflict, or be a converging factor around common national interest. Similarly, they would generate long-term tension and pave the way to foreign intervention, or instead, if steered in that direction, they would lead to temporary appeasement and reconciliation. Furthermore, the Salafi jihadist movements, their inception and activities are described as one of the recent driving forces shaping the current security environment in Syria. The article concludes with the affirmation that revealing the ex-post mechanism of the geopolitical factors is a way to forecast their future development, thus uncovering the emergence of potential threats to the national security of Bulgaria. Finally, the infiltration of foreign fighters, radicalization, and soft targets are highlighted as the gravest possible threats requiring a clear precautionary response.
subject: General
  topic: section
subject: Salafi jihadist movements
  topic: keywords
subject: Islamic State
  topic: keywords
subject: National Security
  topic: keywords
subject: Syria
  topic: keywords
subject: Terrorism
  topic: keywords
subject: Soft targets
  topic: keywords
subject: Foreign fighters
  topic: keywords
creator: Kostadin Kostov
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Kostadin Kostov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-01
publication date: 2026-01-01
starting page: 31
ending page: 44
doi: 10.54658/ps.28153324.2025.14.4.pp.31-44

SOVEREIGNTY THROUGH SELECTIVE INTEGRATION: STRATEGIC NON-COMPLIANCE, COMPLIANCE MINIMALISM, AND GOVERNANCE HARDENING IN EU CRISIS POLITICS
type: item
description: This article identifies Central Europe as a laboratory and stress-test for internal disintegration within the European Union, where states use the Union’s own rules to advance sovereignty-first agendas from inside membership. The Visegrad Group’s shift from a cohesive veto bloc during the 2015 migration crisis to fracture after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, alongside Hungary’s consolidation of a migration security doctrine within the EU, point to a shared underlying pattern. The article theorises this pattern as sovereignty through selective integration and specifies its operation through three interlocking practices: strategic non-compliance, compliance minimalism, and governance hardening. Drawing on earlier case study work on the Visegrad Group and on Hungary, the analysis shows how this triad operates at both regional and national scales, why it stabilised during the migration crisis, and why it fractured under conditions of direct hard security exposure. The article clarifies the scope conditions under which selective integration can endure, the circumstances under which it breaks down, and the ways in which it produces internal disintegration without formal exit. It concludes by outlining implications for EU crisis governance and by indicating how the proposed triad can travel to other domains, including fiscal policy, digital regulation, and internal security.
subject: General
  topic: section
subject: Differentiated integration
  topic: keywords
subject: Central Europe
  topic: keywords
subject: European Union
  topic: keywords
subject: Compliance minimalism
  topic: keywords
subject: Strategic non-compliance
  topic: keywords
subject: Governance hardening
  topic: keywords
creator: Yassine Guennoun
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Yassine Guennoun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-01
publication date: 2026-01-01
starting page: 16
ending page: 30
doi: 10.54658/ps.28153324.2025.14.4.pp.16-30

ECONOMIC WARFARE IN THE BLACK SEA: A GEOECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF COERCION THROUGH GRAIN, BLOCKADES, AND ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE
type: item
description: This article examines economic warfare in the Black Sea as a geoeconomic contest over three interdependent systems: (i) grain and agri‑food logistics, (ii) maritime trade and insurance, and (iii) offshore and coastal energy infrastructure. Using open‑source process tracing and qualitative document analysis of peer‑reviewed studies, official datasets and reports, and policy assessments published primarily in 2022–2025, the paper reconstructs how coercive actions in one domain propagate through shipping routes, risk pricing, and energy‑security expectations. Three mechanisms are identified. First, disruption of export corridors reconfigures the distribution of bargaining power by raising transaction costs and amplifying domestic price discounts for Ukrainian producers. Second, war‑risk and sanctions compliance convert military pressure into insurance and financing constraints that shift trade away from the Black Sea and towards longer, costlier routes. Third, repeated attacks and hybrid interference against energy assets increase systemic uncertainty and alter investment and resilience decisions well beyond the immediate theatre. The article argues that these mechanisms operate as mutually reinforcing channels of coercion: the effect is not only the denial of specific cargo flows or megawatts, but the strategic manipulation of expectations and contractual risk allocation in regional markets. The contribution is conceptual and policy‑relevant: it specifies observable indicators for tracing economic coercion in maritime regions and delineates boundary conditions, limitations, and alternative interpretations for causal claims in open‑source research.
subject: General
  topic: section
subject: Economic Warfare
  topic: keywords
subject: Geoeconomics,
  topic: keywords
subject: Black Sea Security
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic Coercion
  topic: keywords
subject: Weaponized Interdependence
  topic: keywords
subject: Energy Security
  topic: keywords
subject: Bulgaria
  topic: keywords
creator: Andrii Lyseiuk
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Andrii Lyseiuk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-01
publication date: 2026-01-01
starting page: 6
ending page: 15
doi: 10.54658/ps.28153324.2025.14.4.pp.6-15

Retraction Notice: EXPLORING THE INFLUENCE OF ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL KNOWLEDGE ON FISH PRODUCTION IN RURAL-BANGLADESH
type: item
description: Retraction Notice Article title: EXPLORING THE INFLUENCE OF ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL KNOWLEDGE ON FISH PRODUCTION IN RURAL-BANGLADESH Authors: Linda Bairagi, Harun-Ar-Rashid, Mahrufur Rahman, Tanjila Sheikh, Tanbir Hossain Originally published in: Politics & Security, Vol. 12, Issue 2, pp. 32-40 DOI: https://doi.org/10.54658/ps.28153324.2025.12.2.pp.32-40 The editorial board of Politics & Security has decided to retract the above article due to duplicate publication. After the publication in this journal, it was found that the same article had been published in Journal of Social and Political Sciences and Development Studies (https://paperssds.eu/index.php/JSPSDS/article/view/864), in violation of the COPE Code of Conduct and the journal’s Publication Ethics Policy. The retraction has been approved by the Editor-in-Chief. Date of retraction: 30/10/2025 Editor-in-Chief: Dr. Igor Britchenko Politics & Security
subject: General
  topic: section
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-01
publication date: 2026-01-01
doi: 10.54658/ps.28153324.2025.14.4.pp.93

DOG WHISTLES AND CAT SENSES – HIDDEN EXTREMISM AND THE FRAMEWORK ОF LEGAL OVERSIGHT IN EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS CASE LAW
type: item
description: This paper examines the challenges posed by hidden extremist messages communicated through coded language, memes, irony, and discursively veiled expressions within the framework of the European Court of Human Rights’ (ECtHR) case law. It develops a methodological framework for assessing such speech, drawing on discourse analysis, speech act theory, and the concept of “dog whistle” communication. Through an analysis of ECtHR and selected national decisions, the study highlights the tension between safeguarding freedom of expression under Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights and addressing disguised incitement to hatred or violence. It argues that courts must adapt their interpretative tools to account for the evolving forms of extremist rhetoric in digital environments, where messages often operate simultaneously on multiple semantic levels.
subject: NATIONAL SECURITY AND PUBLIC ORDER
  topic: section
subject: Hidden extremism
  topic: keywords
subject: Dog whistle communication
  topic: keywords
subject: ECtHR case law
  topic: keywords
subject: Freedom of expression
  topic: keywords
creator: Vasil Georgiev
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Vasil Georgiev https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
doi: 10.54658/ps.28153324.2025.13.3.pp.95-105

SECURITY CHALLENGES OF IOT INTEGRATION IN NATIONAL AND STATE CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES
type: item
description: This investigation scrutinizes the incorporation of Internet of Things (IoT) systems within national infrastructures, accentuating both operational advantages and notable security challenges. It delves into the stratified architecture of IoT, underscoring vulnerabilities that emerge from device constraints, varied deployment environments, and inadequate cybersecurity practices. The examination addresses external threats such as distributed denial-of-service attacks, malware, and data manipulation, in conjunction with internal risks including insider threats and misconfigurations. The ramifications of these threats on critical infrastructure sectors, such as energy, transportation, and healthcare, are evaluated, with a focus on operational disruptions and economic impacts. Emergent defense strategies involving Software-Defined Networking and machine learning-based anomaly detection are assessed for their capability to bolster security posture. Furthermore, the role of national cybersecurity strategies and regulatory frameworks is analyzed, concentrating on multi-stakeholder coordination, legal measures, and adaptive governance to manage evolving risks. The findings highlight the imperative of integrating technical, organizational, and policy approaches to protect IoT-enabled critical systems and sustain national security resilience.
subject: NATIONAL SECURITY AND PUBLIC ORDER
  topic: section
subject: Internet of Things (IoT)
  topic: keywords
subject: Critical Infrastructure Protection
  topic: keywords
subject: Cybersecurity
  topic: keywords
subject: Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS)
  topic: keywords
subject: Malware and Data Manipulation
  topic: keywords
creator: Rafał Lizut
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Rafał Lizut https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 82
ending page: 94
doi: 10.54658/ps.28153324.2025.13.3.pp.82-94

THE INDO-PACIFIC AS A STRATEGIC ARENA: EVOLVING SECURITY ALLIANCES AND DEEPENING POWER RIVALRIES
type: item
description: This paper examines the transformation of the Indo-Pacific into the central arena for global strategic competition. It argues that the intensifying rivalry between the United States and the People's Republic of China is the primary driver reshaping the regional security architecture. This rivalry has catalyzed the formation and strengthening of countervailing coalitions, notably the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD) and the AUKUS pact, while simultaneously challenging the centrality of established ASEAN-led institutions. Through a qualitative analysis of strategic documents, academic literature, and policy reports from 2020-2025, this study dissects the interplay of military modernization, nuclear deterrence, and the weaponization of the economic-security nexus, particularly in critical technology supply chains. The findings indicate a shift towards a more fragmented and contested regional order, characterized by a complex web of overlapping bilateral and minilateral arrangements designed to balance against China's rise. While these alignments enhance deterrence, they also heighten the risks of miscalculation and escalation. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for strengthening cooperative security mechanisms, managing geoeconomic friction, and establishing robust crisis communication channels to ensure regional stability.
subject: NATIONAL SECURITY AND PUBLIC ORDER
  topic: section
subject: Indo-Pacific, Strategic Competition
  topic: keywords
subject: Security Alliances
  topic: keywords
subject: QUAD
  topic: keywords
subject: AUKUS
  topic: keywords
subject: US-China Rivalry
  topic: keywords
subject: Balance of Power
  topic: keywords
creator: Maryna Dei
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Maryna Dei https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
doi: 10.54658/ps.28153324.2025.13.3.pp.70-81

THE ROLE OF PRIVATE MILITARY COMPANIES IN CONTEMPORARY CONFLICTS: LEGAL AND SECURITY DILEMMAS
type: item
description: This article undertakes an examination of the escalating role assumed by Private Military Companies (PMCs) within the matrix of contemporary conflicts, positing that their proliferation—most notably the ascendancy of state-proxy models exemplified by the Wagner Group—constitutes an exploitation of a critical vacuum within the corpus of international law. Effectuated through a comparative analysis of PMC operations across Iraq, Ukraine, Syria, and Africa, this paper demonstrates the mechanisms by which such entities precipitate an erosion of state sovereignty, present a formidable challenge to the tenets of international humanitarian law (IHL), and engender systemic lacunae in accountability. Our findings indicate that extant regulatory frameworks, inclusive of the Montreux Document and the International Code of Conduct (ICoCA), are possessed of an inherent insufficiency for addressing the geopolitical instrumentality characteristic of modern PMCs. The article culminates in the proposal of a binding UN Convention on Private Military and Security Activities, wherein a four-pillar governance model is outlined with the objective of re-establishing state responsibility, guaranteeing accountability, and regulating the ongoing privatization of warfare.
subject: NATIONAL SECURITY AND PUBLIC ORDER
  topic: section
subject: Private Military Companies
  topic: keywords
subject: State Sovereignty
  topic: keywords
subject: , International Humanitarian Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Accountability
  topic: keywords
subject: Privatization of War
  topic: keywords
creator: Igor Britchenko
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Igor Britchenko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
doi: 10.54658/ps.28153324.2025.13.3.pp.58-69

THE VISEGRAD GROUP AND THE WAR IN UKRAINE: FROM VETO BLOC TO VOID
type: item
description: This article asks why Russia’s 2022 invasion fractured the Visegrád Group and answers by showing that the cohesion once visible during the 2015 migration crisis rested on a model of negative integration that could resist supranational pressure yet could not be translated into the demands of war. When faced with a proximate conflict that required convergent threat perception, collective risk-sharing and credible military capacity, the four states moved along divergent paths: Poland recast sovereignty as survival and bound itself more deeply to NATO and United States’ guarantees, Hungary treated sovereignty as autonomy and used veto power while maintaining energy ties with Moscow, Slovakia balanced cooperation and restraint within a polarised domestic arena, and Czechia consolidated an Atlanticist line alongside Poland. These trajectories produced a structural split that removed the V4 from the centre of Europe’s security debates and revealed a deeper mechanism: coalitions forged in opposition can endure in institutional disputes but falter once coercive shocks demand common strategy. What remains of the Visegrád format is protocol and symbol only, while effective agency has shifted to NATO, to coalitions of the willing within the EU, and to minilateral formats that reflect the real distribution of threat, capacity and political will across the continent.
subject: NATIONAL SECURITY AND PUBLIC ORDER
  topic: section
subject: Visegrád Group
  topic: keywords
subject: Ukraine war
  topic: keywords
subject: NATO
  topic: keywords
subject: European Union
  topic: keywords
subject: Foreign policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Strategic autonomy
  topic: keywords
subject: Central and Eastern Europe
  topic: keywords
subject: Alliance politics
  topic: keywords
subject: Sovereignty
  topic: keywords
creator: Yassine Guennoun
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Yassine Guennoun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 35
ending page: 45
doi: 10.54658/ps.28153324.2025.13.3.pp.35-45

FROM CRISIS TO DOCTRINE: A DECADE OF MIGRATION SECURITIZATION AND STRATEGIC DEFIANCE IN HUNGARY
type: item
description: This article examines how Hungary, between 2015 and 2025, reworked migration policy into a doctrine of sovereignty-driven securitization. What started as short-term crisis responses became a governing toolkit that joined restrictive law, threat-heavy messaging, and calculated non-compliance with EU rules. Read through securitization theory and differentiated integration, this shift turns migration from a welfare or demographic matter into the main stage for asserting state sovereignty. The study employs a critical case study design, drawing on governmental speeches, EU court rulings, media campaigns, and regional declarations, alongside secondary scholarship. The findings demonstrate that Hungary not only entrenched legal resistance and fortified its borders with symbolic and technological infrastructures, but also mobilised regional alliances to contest supranational authority. In doing so, it recast European integration as conditional and strategically reversible. The article argues that Hungary exemplifies a broader post-liberal mode of governance in which the language and institutions of liberal order are retained yet redirected toward sovereignty-first objectives. The case offers a replicable template for how member states can recalibrate supranational authority from within, embedding fragmentation as a structural condition of the European project.
subject: NATIONAL SECURITY AND PUBLIC ORDER
  topic: section
subject: Migration securitization
  topic: keywords
subject: Hungary
  topic: keywords
subject: Migration
  topic: keywords
subject: European Union
  topic: keywords
subject: strategic non-compliance
  topic: keywords
subject: sovereignty
  topic: keywords
subject: differentiated integration
  topic: keywords
creator: Yassine Guennoun
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Yassine Guennoun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 46
ending page: 57
doi: 10.54658/ps.28153324.2025.13.3.pp.46-57

STRATEGIC INTELLIGENCE MANAGEMENT AND LAW ENFORCEMENT IN NIGERIA: FIXING THE GAPS
type: item
description: Abstract This study focuses on important issues in how strategic intelligence is managed within Nigerian law enforcement agencies, with the goal of improving national security. It looks at the current situation of intelligence collection and analysis, looking at the structures, processes, and abilities in place. The study identifies key obstacles to effective sharing and cooperation among security agencies, exploring institutional, operational, and cultural challenges. It also evaluates the quality of training and technology available for intelligence work, looking at the effectiveness of training programs and the state of technological resources. The research also looks at how socio-political issues like political influence, corruption, and public attitudes affect the objectivity and success of intelligence agencies. Based on these findings, the study offers practical advice and strategies to close these gaps and improve the security system in Nigeria, ultimately making law enforcement more effective.
subject: NATIONAL SECURITY AND PUBLIC ORDER
  topic: section
subject: Strategic Intelligence, Law Enforcement, Nigeria, Intelligence Management, National Security,
  topic: keywords
creator: Ngboawaji Nte
creator: Ben Robert Eyororokumoh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ngboawaji Nte, Ben Robert Eyororokumoh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 5
ending page: 23
doi: 10.54658/ps.28153324.2025.13.3.pp.5-23

ETHIOPIA'S DIFFICULT COURSE: MULTIPARTY POLITICS AND BUILDING DEMOCRACY (1991-NOW) – INSIGHTS GAINED
type: item
description: Abstract The shift to multiparty politics in Ethiopia after the Derg regime was overthrown in 1991 marked a crucial moment for building a democratic state. This article takes a close look at how multiparty systems have either helped or hindered this journey over the last thirty years. By diving into historical events, institutional setups, electoral processes, and the political landscape, it argues that even though multipartyism was officially adopted, its real impact on democracy has been significantly limited. Several key issues contribute to this: the lingering effects of centralized governance, the strong influence of ethnonationalism in how parties are formed and compete, the weak establishment of democratic norms, ongoing state repression, and the tough task of balancing ethnic federalism with national unity. The analysis highlights important lessons: simply having multiparty systems isn't enough without a true commitment to political diversity and the rule of law; ethno-political parties can empower communities but also exacerbate societal divides; strong, independent institutions are essential; and fostering inclusive dialogue is crucial for navigating the complexities of identity politics. The period after 2018 shows both new opportunities and the ongoing vulnerability of Ethiopia's democratic efforts, calling for deep reforms focused on real political liberalization and strengthening institutions. Ethiopia's experience with multipartyism over the last thirty years makes one thing clear: simply having multiple political parties isn't enough to build a solid democracy. While it may seem like there's political diversity, the system often fails to provide true political rights, accountability, or a fair playing field. To make real strides in democracy, Ethiopia needs to move past the surface-level multiparty elections and focus on genuine political liberalization, building strong and impartial institutions that uphold the rule of law, and nurturing a political…
subject: NATIONAL SECURITY AND PUBLIC ORDER
  topic: section
subject: Ethiopia, Democracy, Multiparty System, Ethnic Federalism, EPRDF, Prosperity Party, Opposition Parties, State Building.
  topic: keywords
creator: Tariku Dagne
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Tariku Dagne https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-10-01
publication date: 2025-10-01
starting page: 24
ending page: 34
doi: 10.54658/ps.28153324.2025.13.3.pp.24-34

SECURITY DYNAMICS IN THE BLACK SEA REGION: ANALYZING THE INTERSECTION OF NATO POLICIES, RUSSIAN INFLUENCE, AND ECONOMIC INTERESTS
type: item
description: Abstract The Black Sea has re-emerged as a central theater of geopolitical competition where NATO's defensive posture, Russia's revisionist ambitions, and the geoeconomics of energy and trade are locked in a complex, dynamic interplay. Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine has shattered the post-Cold War security architecture, creating a precarious new reality. This article analyzes the key drivers of instability, assesses the shifting balance of power, and evaluates strategic prospects. It argues that while Ukrainian asymmetric warfare has checked Russian naval dominance, the region remains acutely vulnerable to hybrid threats and escalation, demanding a more coherent, resourced, and integrated strategy from Western actors.
subject: General
  topic: section
subject: Black Sea
  topic: keywords
subject: Security policy
  topic: keywords
subject: NATO
  topic: keywords
creator: Inna Kulko-Labyntseva
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Inna Kulko-Labyntseva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-31
publication date: 2025-07-31
starting page: 104
ending page: 114
doi: 10.54658/PS.28153324.2025.12.%pp.

THE INSIDER THREAT: A SOCIO-TECHNICAL ANALYSIS OF PREVENTING DATA BREACHES AND ESPIONAGE WITHIN GOVERNMENTAL AGENCIES
type: item
description: Abstract This article presents a socio-technical analysis of the insider threat phenomenon within governmental and public sector institutions. It argues that effective mitigation requires a dynamic, integrated strategy that moves beyond siloed technical controls to holistically address the interplay between individual psychology, organizational culture, technical architecture, and policy enforcement. The analysis defines the governmental insider threat, distinguishing between malicious, unintentional, and compromised insiders, and demonstrates how this typology maps to distinct root causes within the socio-technical system. Through a detailed examination of the Edward Snowden and Chelsea Manning cases, the article deconstructs the convergence of psychological, cultural, and technical vulnerabilities that precipitate catastrophic breaches. It systematically analyzes contributory factors at the individual level, using the Critical Pathway to Insider Risk (CPIR) model; the organizational level, focusing on culture, leadership, and trust; and the technical level, highlighting architectural weaknesses. The article then evaluates a multi-layered defense-in-depth framework integrating human-centric strategies (e.g., positive deterrence, robust training), technical countermeasures (e.g., Zero Trust Architecture, User and Entity Behavior Analytics), and comprehensive policy frameworks (e.g., Executive Order 13587, NITTF Maturity Framework). The inherent tension between security surveillance and employee privacy is explored, reframing privacy protection as a positive driver of organizational trust and security. The article culminates in a novel, coordinated intervention model and provides actionable policy recommendations for governmental agencies to build a more resilient and secure posture against the threat from within..
subject: General
  topic: section
subject: Data Breaches
  topic: keywords
subject: Espionage
  topic: keywords
subject: Insider Threat
  topic: keywords
subject: Socio-Technical Systems
  topic: keywords
creator: Mykhailo Lishchynsky
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mykhailo Lishchynsky https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-31
publication date: 2025-07-31
starting page: 88
ending page: 103
doi: 10.54658/PS.28153324.2025.12.%pp.

ENERGY SECURITY AS A FACTOR OF POLITICAL STABILITY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
type: item
description: Abstract. This article explores the intricate relationship between energy security and political stability within the European Union (EU), particularly in light of the geopolitical upheaval caused by Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022. The crisis marked a turning point in EU energy policy, exposing deep vulnerabilities linked to dependence on Russian fossil fuels and catalyzing a redefinition of energy security as a matter of strategic autonomy and resilience. Adopting a mixed-methods approach—combining discourse analysis, policy review, and comparative case studies—the study examines how the EU’s responses to this crisis have affected internal cohesion, social peace, and institutional legitimacy. Focusing on the policy trilemma between short-term energy needs, long-term climate goals, and socio-political stability, the article argues that governance choices made in response to the energy crisis have generated new political fault lines across Member States. Case studies of Germany, Poland, and the Baltic States illustrate diverging national strategies and their implications for EU-wide stability. The findings highlight that the EU's future political coherence hinges on its ability to align energy resilience with climate commitments while mitigating the socio-economic impacts of the green transition. Ultimately, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the securitization of energy policy and the evolving dynamics of EU integration in an age of crises.
subject: General
  topic: section
subject: Energy security
  topic: keywords
subject: Political stability
  topic: keywords
subject: European Union
  topic: keywords
subject: Energy Crisis
  topic: keywords
subject: EU Energy Policy
  topic: keywords
creator: Nataliia Trushkina
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nataliia Trushkina https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-31
publication date: 2025-07-31
starting page: 72
ending page: 87
doi: 10.54658/ps.28153324.2025.12.2.pp.72-87

THE GEOPOLITICS OF CYBERSECURITY: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL STRATEGIES FOR DIGITAL SOVEREIGNTY
type: item
description: Abstract. This paper investigates the divergent national strategies for achieving "digital sovereignty" among four major geopolitical actors: the United States, the European Union, China, and Russia. It argues that digital sovereignty has evolved from a defensive concept focused on network security into a comprehensive geopolitical strategy for projecting power, values, and economic influence (Süsslin, 2025; Metakides, 2025). Through a comparative analysis of key policy and legal frameworks—including the US National Cybersecurity Strategy (2023), the EU's GDPR/DSA/DMA package, China's Cybersecurity Law (CSL), and Russia's "Sovereign Internet" laws—the paper identifies three distinct models of digital sovereignty: the US market-driven, rebalanced-responsibility model; the EU's regulation-as-power, normative model; and the Sino-Russian state-centric, control-oriented model (Metakides, 2025; Freedom House, n.d.). The analysis reveals that these approaches are creating a fragmented "splinternet," characterized by competing regulatory blocs, contested data governance regimes, and a securitized global technology supply chain (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2025). The paper concludes by proposing a new framework that understands digital sovereignty not merely as a quest for autonomy but as a primary vector for exercising state power in a multipolar digital world order, with significant implications for global stability, international law, and the future of the internet..
subject: General
  topic: section
subject: Digital Sovereignty
  topic: keywords
subject: Geopolitics
  topic: keywords
subject: Cybersecurity
  topic: keywords
subject: Splinternet
  topic: keywords
creator: Oksana Prokopyshyn
creator: Nataliia Trushkina
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Oksana Prokopyshyn, Nataliia Trushkina https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-31
publication date: 2025-07-31
starting page: 59
ending page: 71
doi: 10.54658/ps.28153324.2025.12.2.pp.59-71

CLIMATE CHANGE AS A THREAT MULTIPLIER: ASSESSING ITS IMPACT ON RESOURCE SCARCITY, MIGRATION, AND POLITICAL INSTABILITY
type: item
description: Abstract. This article examines the conceptualization and application of climate change as a "threat multiplier" in global security discourse. Originating within the U.S. national security community, the term describes how the physical impacts of climate change interact with and exacerbate pre-existing social, economic, and political vulnerabilities, thereby multiplying threats to peace and stability. While the framework has been instrumental in placing climate change on the security agenda, it is also critiqued for potentially constraining policy responses to a reactive, management-oriented posture rather than promoting transformative change. This study employs a qualitative, comparative case study methodology to deconstruct the threat multiplier effect through its cascading impacts. It first analyzes the first-order impact of climate change on critical resources, with a focus on water stress in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and food insecurity in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. It then investigates the second-order human consequence of climate-induced migration, examining patterns in the Sahel, Bangladesh, and Central America, and highlighting the profound legal and geopolitical challenges posed by the lack of international protection for "climate refugees." Finally, through in-depth case studies of Syria and Sudan, the article analyzes how these combined pressures can culminate in the third-order outcome of political instability and violent conflict. The analysis reveals that governance is the critical mediating variable determining whether climate stress leads to instability. The article concludes by assessing the policy responses of the United Nations, European Union, and the United States, identifying key gaps, and advocating for an integrated policy framework that merges climate adaptation, development, and peacebuilding to address the multifaceted nature of climate-related security risks.
subject: General
  topic: section
subject: Climate Change
  topic: keywords
subject: Threat Multiplier
  topic: keywords
subject: Resource Scarcity
  topic: keywords
subject: Water Stress
  topic: keywords
creator: Igor Britchenko
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Igor Britchenko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-31
publication date: 2025-07-31
starting page: 41
ending page: 58
doi: 10.54658/ps.28153324.2025.12.2.pp.41-58

RETRACTED: EXPLORING THE INFLUENCE OF ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL KNOWLEDGE ON FISH PRODUCTION IN RURAL-BANGLADESH
type: item
description: This article has been retracted due to duplicate publication. Abstract Aquaculture is a buzzword for rural economy as well as regional development. In this research, the author considers five individual villages where 200 farmers have been identified randomly. In this paper, the author divides this research into two segments. Firstly, most of the local farmers consider basic factors, where variable costs that is daily basis expenses affect fish production variables for farmers. Secondly, the authors try to identify the environmental knowledge index (EKI) for farmers affecting fish production, the EKI is measured by table 2. In Table 3, most of the expenses are calculated for human labor, fish feed and fingerlings purposes. Marginal farmers face higher variable costs compared to the other two categories of farmers. The authors run the Cobb-Douglas multiple regression model to investigate the effect of independent variables on fish production hectare-wise, while human labor cost, feed and manure cost, water supply, and Sustainability knowledge index have positive and significant relationships with fish production. To justify the 2nd research question, EKI has a significant connection with fish production for farmers, because EKI helps farmers to lead production at a lower cost while maintaining a hygienic production system. The green economy is the upcoming challenge for the future, which leads to sustainable production and consumption behavior for producers and consumers. Moreover, sustainable and effective marketing channel creation are challenging factors for fish production and supply.
subject: General
  topic: section
subject: Aquaculture, Marginal-farmers, Environmental Knowledge, Green economy, Rural-Bangladesh
  topic: keywords
creator: Linda Bairagi
creator: Harun-Ar-Rashid
creator: Mahrufur Rahman
creator: Tanjila Sheikh
creator: Tanbir Hossain
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Linda Bairagi, Harun-Ar-Rashid, Mahrufur Rahman, Tanjila Sheikh, Tanbir Hossain https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-31
publication date: 2025-07-31
starting page: 32
ending page: 40
doi: 10.54658/ps.28153324.2025.12.2.pp.32-40

WORK SAFETY ON FARMS IN POLAND – LEGAL, SOCIAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
type: item
description: Abstract. Agriculture is an economic sector with a high accident rate. Working on a farm requires acquiring knowledge, skills and experience in various fields. The specificity of this industry leads to many health and life hazards and a high risk of accidents. Farmers work in different positions, depending on what is produced on the farm. They operate machinery and equipment, as well as perform maintenance and repairs, participate in transport and storage processes, take care of farm animals, perform agricultural technical and chemical treatments and other non-agricultural activities. The simultaneous occurrence of many production and logistics processes increases the risk of accidents and makes work in agriculture more difficult. Transport and storage processes are common on farms. They are defined as a carefully organized system of interconnected logistics processes, the purpose of which is to produce agricultural products using land, labor, capital, management decisions (farmers) and the forces of nature. Statistics show that the most dangerous events can be considered those that occur during transport work and those related to the operation of tractors and agricultural machinery.
subject: General
  topic: section
subject: work safety
  topic: keywords
subject: accident at work
  topic: keywords
subject: farming
  topic: keywords
subject: accident prevention
  topic: keywords
creator: Janusz Kilar
creator: Małgorzata Szeliga
creator: Magdalena Kilar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Janusz Kilar, Małgorzata Szeliga, Magdalena Kilar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-31
publication date: 2025-07-31
starting page: 15
ending page: 31
doi: 10.54658/ps.28153324.2025.12.2.pp.15-31

ANALYSIS OF SAFETY AND CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS AT WORK IN AGRICULTURE IN POLAND
type: item
description: Abstract: The article analyzes the dynamics of accidents at work in agriculture in Poland in 2020–2021, taking into account factors influencing their occurrence and the effectiveness of preventive measures. Data comes from the Agricultural Social Insurance Fund, the Central Statistical Office and research by scientific institutes. It has been shown that the number of accidents decreased by over 50% in the period under review, but agriculture remains one of the most dangerous sectors of the economy. The main causes are technical defects of machines, lack of occupational health and safety training and work in inappropriate conditions. The conclusions indicate the need for further modernization of farms and intensification of training.
subject: General
  topic: section
subject: accidents
  topic: keywords
subject: work in agriculture
  topic: keywords
subject: prevention
  topic: keywords
subject: work safety
  topic: keywords
creator: Janusz Kilar
creator: Małgorzata Szeliga
creator: Magdalena Kilar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Janusz Kilar, Małgorzata Szeliga, Magdalena Kilar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-31
publication date: 2025-07-31
starting page: 5
ending page: 14
doi: 10.54658/ps.28153324.2025.12.2.pp.5-14

CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES IN POLAND’S POLICY TOWARDS UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF MIGRATION
type: item
description: Migration from Ukraine to Poland, especially after 24thFebruary 2022, has become one of the key issues of international policy. The aim of this publication is to analyze the strategies and challenges faced by Poland in managing Ukrainian migration, both at the national and international level. The work focuses on Poland’s migration policy towards Ukraine, bilateral cooperation and activities in the EU and in relations with other countries. The analysis shows that Poland, as the main receiving country for migrants from Ukraine, is conducting intensive activities both at the national and international level. These include the integration of migrants, financial support and relocation policies, which require a long term strategy. The adopted conclusions can constitute a basis for considerations on the future of Poland’s migration policy towards Ukraine and its role in the European migration management system.
subject: General
  topic: section
subject: Poland
  topic: keywords
subject: Ukraine
  topic: keywords
subject: migration
  topic: keywords
subject: international policy
  topic: keywords
subject: EU
  topic: keywords
subject: integration of migrants
  topic: keywords
creator: Wojciech Pac
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Wojciech Pac https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-09
publication date: 2025-06-09
starting page: 42
ending page: 54
doi: 10.54658/ps.28153324.2025.11.1.pp.42-54

THE INSTITUTION OF THE PRESIDENCY IN UKRAINE: CONSTITUTIONAL FOUNDATIONS AND PROSPECTS FOR REFORM
type: item
description: The article examines the constitutional foundations of the presidency in Ukraine and outlines the prospects for its reform in the context of current political and legal challenges. The relevance of the study is stipulated by the need to improve the balance of powers in a parliamentary-presidential republic, to strengthen democratic control over the activities of the Head of State and to ensure the stability of the constitutional order. The purpose of the study is to analyze the constitutional status of the President of Ukraine, his powers and interaction with other state authorities, and to identify areas for possible reforms based on national experience and European standards. The methodological basis is formed by systemic, comparative legal, historical and legal, and formal legal methods which allowed for a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of the presidency and the practice of its functioning. As a result, it is established that the institution of the presidency in Ukraine is in a state of functional imbalance, which is manifested in the instability of the form of government, contradictions in the distribution of powers and political conflict. The experience of other countries, in particular France, Poland and Lithuania, shows that mixed models can function effectively provided that the role of the president in the system of government is clearly regulated. The author concludes that it is expedient to carry out a constitutional reform aimed at improving the institution of the presidency by clarifying its powers, introducing effective accountability mechanisms and ensuring institutional balance in the system of state power.
subject: General
  topic: section
subject: President of Ukraine
  topic: keywords
subject: constitutional reform
  topic: keywords
subject: parliamentary-presidential republic
  topic: keywords
subject: balance of power
  topic: keywords
subject: separation of powers
  topic: keywords
subject: constitutional law
  topic: keywords
creator: Kateryna Tiazhkorob
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Kateryna Tiazhkorob https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-09
publication date: 2025-06-09
starting page: 32
ending page: 41
doi: 10.54658/ps.28153324.2025.11.1.pp.32-41

THE ISRAELI SECURITY DOCTRINE ADAPTING WITHOUT ALTERING CORE PILLARS
type: item
description: This theoretical paper explores the resilience and evolution of Israel’s national security doctrine, the Israeli Security Triad, arguing that its core pillars—deterrence, early warning, and decisive military victory—remain fundamentally intact despite recent conflicts and the rise of asymmetric warfare. Analyzing decades of historical events, military strategies, and geopolitical developments, the research focuses on how the doctrine has responded to both conventional and asymmetric threats. The findings indicate that while modern asymmetric challenges have prompted the adoption of new technologies, such as AI-powered early warning systems and missile defense, and the introduction of a fourth "defense" pillar, these represent adaptations to modern conflicts rather than an alteration of the original doctrine's core strategic principles. This study contributes to military doctrine theory by illustrating how states can integrate advanced technologies and adapt strategies to new forms of conflict without abandoning foundational principles, offering practical insights for military strategists on balancing innovation with established frameworks. The paper provides a fresh perspective on maintaining doctrinal integrity through flexible adaptation in the face of constant threats. Future research could explore similar doctrinal adaptations in other nations or the ongoing evolution of Israel’s fourth pillar, particularly concerning AI and cybersecurity.
subject: General
  topic: section
subject: Israeli Security Doctrine
  topic: keywords
subject: Deterrence Strategy
  topic: keywords
subject: Asymmetric Warfare
  topic: keywords
subject: Military Innovation
  topic: keywords
subject: Early Warning Systems.
  topic: keywords
creator: Simeon Popov
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Simeon Popov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-09
publication date: 2025-06-09
starting page: 25
ending page: 31
doi: 10.54658/ps.28153324.2025.11.1.pp.25-31

ENSURING THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF TRUCKING COMPANIES IN THE UNITED STATES
type: item
description: The paper examines the key performance indicators of ensuring the economic security of U.S. trucking companies taking into account the market environment of small and medium-sized companies. A monographic review of literature sources in the field of studying the conceptual apparatus of economic security, methodological tools, modern technological changes, resource provision, marketing and logistics, management decision-making, regulatory policy in transport, transport infrastructure and features of functioning of U.S. trucking companies for the period of research (2019-2023) is carried out. To study the economic security of U.S. trucking companies the following indicators – operating ratio, fuel costs, driver turnover rates, and freight demand were selected. For each indicator, an economic assessment was carried out and a description of its content was provided, taking into account the specifics of small and medium-sized U.S. trucking companies. The results of the evaluation allowed proposing strategies to ensuring the economic security of U.S. trucking companies, taking into account the prospects for their sustainable development and response to current challenges.
subject: General
  topic: section
subject: operating ratio
  topic: keywords
subject: fuel costs
  topic: keywords
subject: driver turnover rates
  topic: keywords
subject: freight demand
  topic: keywords
subject: economic security
  topic: keywords
subject: trucking company
  topic: keywords
creator: Hanna Malchenko
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Hanna Malchenko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-09
publication date: 2025-06-09
starting page: 13
ending page: 24
doi: 10.54658/ps.28153324.2025.11.1.pp.13-24

PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF SAFETY IN DEALING WITH MAJOR INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS
type: item
description: The article presents issues concerning selected elements in the field of organising and conducting practical exercises to prepare rescue entities and teams of upper-tier establishments for major industrial accidents in the aspects of formal and legal requirements for the managers of an establishment, the authorities of the State Fire Service in the context of the tasks performed in relation to the needs of the society. In this respect, a review was made of European Union and national legal acts relating to selected preparatory elements of the system for preventing major industrial accidents and the requirements for the operators of upper-tier establishments and the organs of the State Fire Service in the event of a major industrial accident. Moreover, on the basis of practical participation in the exercises, the course of various forms of practical exercises related to the consolidation of principles of proceeding in case of an emergency situation was evaluated. The topics were based on new legal regulations in the field of environmental law and the requirements to be met by practical exercises preparing services and company teams to limit and eliminate hazards.
subject: General
  topic: section
subject: high-risk facility
  topic: keywords
subject: practical exercises
  topic: keywords
subject: emergency plan
  topic: keywords
creator: Bogdan Kołcz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Bogdan Kołcz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-09
publication date: 2025-06-09
starting page: 5
ending page: 12
doi: 10.54658/ps.28153324.2024.10.4.pp.5-21

MILITARY CRIMINAL LAW AS ONE ELEMENT OF SECURITY
type: item
description: Criminal law in the armed forces is undoubtedly one of the foundations of security. Complementing it against this background is the law of military discipline. two branches of law coexist and function in parallel. However, their role is remarkably similar. Together, they are intended to support the maintenance of good order, both within each military formation and in broader, international relations. Among other things, they serve to ensure the smooth achievement of the objectives set for each army. This article is a sort of systematisation of the subject matter of the title. It is a cross-sectional analysis of the normative foundations of military criminal law in its broadest sense. The starting point is international law. The author then discusses in detail the specifics and knotty legal regulations in this area on the example of Polish law. Not forgetting the history, he also refers to the legacy of rulings by military criminal courts in the previous regime, passed against persons repressed for activity in favour of the independent existence of the State. The article concludes with a summary of the considerations.
subject: General
  topic: section
subject: armed forces
  topic: keywords
subject: military criminal law
  topic: keywords
subject: law of war
  topic: keywords
subject: military justice
  topic: keywords
subject: law of transition
  topic: keywords
creator: Igor Zgoliński
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Igor Zgoliński https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-23
publication date: 2024-12-23
starting page: 67
ending page: 76
doi: 10.54658/ps.39384210.2024.10.4.pp.67-76