Copyright

Authors retain full copyright in their work without restriction. Politics & Security does not require or accept any transfer or assignment of copyright. Authors grant the journal a non-exclusive licence to publish and to distribute the article, and the right of first publication.

Licence

All articles are published under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence (CC BY 4.0), which is applied to the Version of Record — the final published article — and takes effect from the date of publication. There is no embargo period.

Under this licence any person may copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon the material for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that appropriate credit is given to the author and to Politics & Security, a link to the licence is provided, and any changes made are indicated. This includes use of the published material for text and data mining and for training and evaluating computational models, subject to the same attribution requirement.

What Authors May Do

Because the article is published under CC BY 4.0, authors — like any other user — may reuse and distribute their work freely and without seeking permission from the journal. This includes, without limitation: reproducing the article in a thesis or dissertation; using it in teaching; presenting it at conferences; and depositing any version, including the final published PDF, in personal websites, institutional repositories, subject repositories and scholarly networks, immediately upon publication.

In all cases a full bibliographic citation to the published article, including its DOI, should accompany the deposited or reused material.

Publishing Agreement

On acceptance, the corresponding author confirms, on behalf of all authors, a Licence to Publish. By confirming it the authors warrant that:

• the work is original, has not been published previously in the same or substantially similar form, and is not under consideration elsewhere (the posting of a preprint is not regarded as prior publication — see the journal’s Preprint Policy);
• they hold the rights necessary to grant the licence, and the work does not infringe the copyright, privacy or other rights of any person or organisation;
• written permission has been obtained for any third-party material reproduced in the article (figures, tables, extended quotations, images), and the source of such material is acknowledged;
• all persons entitled to authorship are listed, and all listed persons meet the journal’s authorship criteria.

The agreement is confirmed electronically during submission. No signed or posted paper document is required.

Third-Party Material

The CC BY 4.0 licence applies to the article as a whole but does not extend to third-party material reproduced within it under separate permission. Such material is identified in the caption or the text, and readers wishing to reuse it must seek permission from the original rights holder.